The economy’s resurgence from the pandemic shock has had a singular driving force: the consumer. Flush with savings and buoyed by a sizzling labour market, Americans have spent exuberantly, on goods such as furniture and electronics and then on services including air travel and restaurant meals.

How long this spending will hold up has become a crucial question.

Despite contortions in world markets, many economists are cautioning that there is no reason to panic – at least not yet.

In July, there was a notable slowdown in hiring and a jump in the unemployment rate to its highest level since October 2021, but consumer spending has remained relatively robust. Wages are rising, though at a slower rate, and job cuts are still low.

“Overall, there isn’t evidence of a retrenchment in consumer spending,” said consulting firm EY-Parthenon chief economist Gregory Daco. The strength of spending helped power greater-than-expected economic growth in the spring.

That could change if the labour market’s slowdown accelerates.

Already, some consumers, especially those with lower incomes, are feeling the dual pinch of higher prices and elevated interest rates that are weighing on their finances. Credit card delinquencies are rising, and household debt has swelled. Pandemic-era savings have dwindled. In June, Americans saved just 3.4 per cent of their after-tax income, compared with 4.8 per cent a year earlier.

On calls with investors and in boardrooms around the country, corporate executives are acknowledging that customers are no longer spending as freely as they used to. And they are bracing themselves for the slide to continue.

“We are seeing cautious consumers,” Amazon chief financial officer Brian Olsavsky said on a call with reporters last week. “They’re looking for deals.”

Mr Chris Kempczinski, chief executive of McDonald’s, likewise noted last week that some lower-income consumers were “dropping out of the market, eating at home and finding other ways to economise”.

McDonald’s, which reported a 1 per cent decline in global same-store sales, a measure of year-over-year retail sales for companies, in the quarter that ended in June, has been trying to lure back consumers with a US$5 (S$6.60) value meal.

Other fast-food brands are introducing similar deals. Taco Bell is offering a variety of tacos and burritos priced at less than US$3. Burger King is selling a “Your Way Meal” for US$5.

Many food manufacturers, which are seeing volumes decline as consumers buy less or trade down to less expensive own-brand options, also say they plan to reduce prices on some foods, increase portions on others and offer more sales.

After reporting a 0.5 per cent decline in revenues in the second quarter in its Frito-Lay snack business from year-ago levels, a result of a 4 per cent drop in volumes, executives at PepsiCo noted that some consumers had become more price-sensitive around some of its salty snacks, such as Tostitos tortilla chips and Ruffles potato chips.

As a result, the company said, it plans to cut prices or offer more sales on certain snacks.

“You see different behaviours happening everywhere,” PepsiCo CEO Ramon Laguarta said on an earnings call in July. “The connecting line would be: The consumer is more cautious, but the consumer is willing to spend in areas where they see value.”

Retail sales have not buckled.

In June, the most recent month for which data is available, they were unchanged from the month before, according to the Commerce Department, defying expectations of a decline. But retailers are also observing changes in consumer spending.

Mr Olsavsky of Amazon said shoppers were generally shifting to lower-cost items. And he noted that purchases of higher-ticket items had declined from levels that a thriving economy would indicate.

Mr Tony Spring, Macy’s CEO, described consumers as “under pressure, discerning, very choiceful”, in an earnings call in May.

Gap, the struggling apparel retailer, said in its most recent earnings call that it was taking a “measured view of the consumer environment”.

Retailers that sell big-ticket items such as electronics and furniture have also noted more consumer reluctance.

Big Lots said in June that a shortfall in its sales goals was “due largely to a continued pullback in consumer spending by our core customers, particularly in high-ticket discretionary items”.

Williams-Sonoma, a higher-end retailer that owns Pottery Barn, said consumers were buying fewer large furniture pieces, while sales of textiles and easy decorating updates were still healthy.

The Federal Reserve, which held its benchmark interest rate at 5.3 per cent in July, is widely expected to begin cutting interest rates at its meeting in mid-September, which could begin to provide some relief to consumers.

Still, there is fear that the weak July jobs data reported on Aug 2 could herald deeper consumer restraint in the months to come.

While the uptick in the unemployment rate was largely driven by more workers entering the workforce, and not by employees losing their jobs, there are more potentially worrisome signs for consumers below the surface.

The number of people working part-time who would have preferred full-time employment increased, while the number of hours worked per week ticked down slightly, both signs that workers are taking home less pay.

Should that trend continue, it could set off a damaging economic cycle whose impact would be more widespread, economists say.

“The key risk at the moment is that firms begin to pull back on hiring and that we see that translate into job loss,” said Mr Michael Pearce, deputy chief US economist at Oxford Economics.

That could precipitate more restricted consumer spending, which could in turn lead to revenue declines that could drive companies to cut jobs.

“It’s this self-fulfilling process,” Mr Pearce said. NYTIMES